Why Finnish babies sleep in cardboard boxes (BBC NEWS article)

Here's my third in a series of articles that I find interesting for my students. This time, since one of them just had a baby, this might be appealing. But everyone can benefit from knowing more about babies, mothers and related stuff. Enjoy!

Thanks to the writer and the BBC for this wonderful article.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22751415

By Helena LeeBBC News

For 75 years, Finland's expectant mothers have been given a box by the state. It's like a starter kit of clothes, sheets and toys that can even be used as a bed. And some say it helped Finland achieve one of the world's lowest infant mortality rates.

1. Expectant mothers: women who are going to have a baby (so they are pregnant already!)
2. starter kit: a collection of things given to someone who is going to start something: for example this.

It's a tradition that dates back to the 1930s and it's designed to give all children in Finland, no matter what background they're from, an equal start in life.

The maternity package - a gift from the government - is available to all expectant mothers.

It contains bodysuits, a sleeping bag, outdoor gear, bathing products for the baby, as well as nappies, bedding and a small mattress.

1. To date back: to start or originate at a specific date.
2. Outdoor gear: clothes and equipment used outside buildings.
3. nappies: pieces of clothing or synthetic material used by babies to control pee and poo.
4. Mattress: the thick surface on the bed where people sleep.  

With the mattress in the bottom, the box becomes a baby's first bed. Many children, from all social backgrounds, have their first naps within the safety of the box's four cardboard walls.

Mothers have a choice between taking the box, or a cash grant, currently set at 140 euros, but 95% opt for the box as it's worth much more.

The tradition dates back to 1938. To begin with, the scheme was only available to families on low incomes, but that changed in 1949.

1. Cardboard: a material stronger than paper and weaker than wood.
2. Cash grant: an quantity of money given to a person in order to pay for something. That money must be given back but without paying an interest or at a very low.
3. Opt for: choose something.

"Not only was it offered to all mothers-to-be but the new legislation meant that in order to get the grant, or maternity box, they had to visit a doctor or municipal pre-natal clinic before their fourth month of pregnancy," says Heidi Liesivesi, who works at Kela - the Social Insurance Institution of Finland.

So the box provided mothers with what they needed to look after their baby, but it also helped steer pregnant women into the arms of the doctors and nurses of Finland's nascent welfare state.

In the 1930s Finland was a poor country and infant mortality was high - 65 out of 1,000 babies died. But the figures improved rapidly in the decades that followed.

1. Mothers-to-be: pregnant women.
2. to steer: to make something go in a specific direction: a car, a ship, a group of animals. (Steering wheel: what a driver uses to move the car right or left.
3. nascent: something that started recently.

Mika Gissler, a professor at the National Institute for Health and Welfare in Helsinki, gives several reasons for this - the maternity box and pre-natal care for all women in the 1940s, followed in the 60s by a national health insurance system and the central hospital network.

At 75 years old, the box is now an established part of the Finnish rite of passage towards motherhood, uniting generations of women.

Reija Klemetti, a 49-year-old from Helsinki, remembers going to the post office to collect a box for one of her six children.

1. Welfare: socially accepted conditions that are needed by everyone. Usually found in the expression "welfare state".
2. Rite of passage: an event or activity that is considered necessary to start a new period in life, typically adulthood. (note: "-hood is a very frequent ending that signals an abstract noun, such as: neighbourhood, childhood, parenthood...")

"It was lovely and exciting to get it and somehow the first promise to the baby," she says. "My mum, friends and relatives were all eager to see what kind of things were inside and what colours they'd chosen for that year."

Her mother-in-law, aged 78, relied heavily on the box when she had the first of her four children in the 60s. At that point she had little idea what she would need, but it was all provided.

More recently, Klemetti's daughter Solja, aged 23, shared the sense of excitement that her mother had once experienced, when she took possession of the "first substantial thing" prior to the baby itself. She now has two young children.

"It's easy to know what year babies were born in, because the clothing in the box changes a little every year. It's nice to compare and think, 'Ah that kid was born in the same year as mine'," says Titta Vayrynen, a 35-year-old mother with two young boys.

1. Eager: excited about a future event; looking forward to something.
2. to rely (heavily) on something: to use something as help. If you rely heavily on something it means that you are using it a lot as help. For other meanings of rely on, please look here.

For some families, the contents of the box would be unaffordable if they were not free of charge, though for Vayrynen, it was more a question of saving time than money.

She was working long hours when pregnant with her first child, and was glad to be spared the effort of comparing prices and going out shopping.

"There was a recent report saying that Finnish mums are the happiest in the world, and the box was one thing that came to my mind. We are very well taken care of, even now when some public services have been cut down a little," she says.

When she had her second boy, Ilmari, Vayrynen opted for the cash grant instead of the box and just re-used the clothes worn by her first, Aarni.

1. unaffordable: so expensive that you can't pay for it. (to afford: to be able to pay for something)
2. free of charge: you don't have to pay anything.
3. to be spared the effort: if you are spared the effort, you don't have to do something that would have been an effort for you. See spare.
4. to take care of: to make sure that something or someone is in good condition, safe, healthy.

A boy can pass on clothes to a girl too, and vice versa, because the colours are deliberately gender-neutral.

The contents of the box have changed a good deal over the years, reflecting changing times.

During the 30s and 40s, it contained fabric because mothers were accustomed to making the baby's clothes.

But during World War II, flannel and plain-weave cotton were needed by the Defence Ministry, so some of the material was replaced by paper bed sheets and swaddling cloth.

1. deliberately: something has been done with a specific intention.
2. fabric: a clothing material elaborated in a specific manner: cotton, wool, polyester, spandex, flannel...
3. flannel: a fabric used very commonly for things such as winter pyjamas or shirts. Very warm.

The 50s saw an increase in the number of ready-made clothes, and in the 60s and 70s these began to be made from new stretchy fabrics.

In 1968 a sleeping bag appeared, and the following year disposable nappies featured for the first time.

Not for long. At the turn of the century, the cloth nappies were back in and the disposable variety were out, having fallen out of favour on environmental grounds.

Encouraging good parenting has been part of the maternity box policy all along.

"Babies used to sleep in the same bed as their parents and it was recommended that they stop," says Panu Pulma, professor in Finnish and Nordic History at the University of Helsinki. "Including the box as a bed meant people started to let their babies sleep separately from them."

1. ready-made clothes: clothes which you buy in the shop, instead of buying the fabric and making them at home. 
2. stretchy fabrics: fabrics such as spandex (lycra) which are very useful for some baby clothes.
3. sleeping bag: you sleep in one of these when you go camping.
4. disposable nappies: one-use nappies which you buy at the supermarket.
5. Cloth nappies: nappies made of cloth (usually cotton or linen) which are washed and re-used.
6. fall-out of favour: something which people used to like, but not anymore.
7. on environmental grounds: for reasons connected with the protection of the environment.
8. to encourage: to motivate someone to do something, helping them, creating favourable conditions...
9. Parenting: the activity of being a parent (being a father or a mother).
10. all along: from the beginning to the end without relevant interruptions. See along.

At a certain point, baby bottles and dummies were removed to promote breastfeeding.

"One of the main goals of the whole system was to get women to breastfeed more," Pulma says. And, he adds, "It's happened."

He also thinks including a picture book has had a positive effect, encouraging children to handle books, and, one day, to read.

And in addition to all this, Pulma says, the box is a symbol. A symbol of the idea of equality, and of the importance of children.

1. to remove: to take away from a place or situation.
2. breastfeeding: giving a baby its mother's milk.
3. picture book: usually a children's book, with very little or no text.
4. to handle: to use and manipulate. Typical in boxes "handle with care".

Additional reporting by Mark Bosworth.

If you want to recycle buy a chicken... but don't eat it!

After my post on parks in the UK, I remembered from some years ago about this piece of news. First of all here is the original link, as a thank you for the journalist who wrote the article!

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgians-egged-on-to-keep-chickens-ndash--but-theyre-not-for-eating-1942124.html

Now let's go to the article. There are lots and lots of interesting things to comment on and learn about.

Belgians egged on to keep chickens – but they're not for eating

Hen-rearing craze takes hold after drive to reduce household waste

By Vanessa Mock in Limburg

Monday, 12 April 2010

1. to egg on: to motivate, to encourage
2. hen rearing: to keep hens alive in your house or farm to obtain eggs or to have more chickens. To rear can be applied to any animals kept in captivity and even to children.
3. to take hold: when a new activity doesn't disappear, but instead it consolidates as a habit.
4. drive: as a noun it is an impulse, the promotion of something. In this case the authorities are promoting recycling.
5. household waste: the waste produced by a family unit (a household) in contrast with waste produced by industry or a business such as a restaurant.

In a garden dotted with daffodils overlooking open fields, a trio of English Sussex hens strut their stuff. Two small boys stroke their resplendent white and black plumage while feeding them. The youngest child takes advantage of the diversion to dive into the birds' dark-red wooden coop to play hide-and-seek.

1. to dot: distribution of elements at regular intervals. To see an example, click here and look at the picture on the right.
2. to overlook: in this case, to look at something from a higher point. Other very common meaning means "not to notice something, voluntarily or by accident."
3. to strut: to walk like a bird does, e.g. a chicken.
4. plumage: same as in Spanish, but with "g" instead of "j".
5. To dive: usually to jump into the water or swim under it. Used as a metaphor here.
6. hide-and-seek: traditional children's game where one of the children has to count and the others find a place to hide. Once the count is finished, the first child tries to find the rest.

• note: difference between notice and news: notice is a piece of written information in a visible location or sent to you by post. News (uncountable) is information provided by journalists, in newspapers, on the TV... to speak about it individually you have to say "a piece of news" (=una noticia).

"We get two eggs every day, which go towards making pancakes," says Tibo Duijsters, a blond eight-year old, as he scatters grain around the ground.

Their father Michel Duijsters points proudly to his fast-disappearing compost heap. Most of the food scraps and vegetable peelings have been eaten by the hens.

The Duijsters and many of their neighbours in Dilsem-Stokkem, a small town of neat detached houses a few miles from Belgium's border with the Netherlands, have no agricultural background or training in poultry farming. But they have joined a chicken-rearing craze which has taken hold with tens of thousands of hens now living in coops in family gardens.

The boom is thanks to own-a-chicken schemes launched by the Belgian authorities in a bid to cut down on household waste. In the region of Limburg, near the Dutch border, more than 2,500 families adopted hens just last year, a 306 per cent rise on the previous year. There have been similar successes in other parts of the country.

1. to go towards: go in a specific direction. in this case, the eggs' direction is being eaten as pancakes.
2. to scatter: to spread over a big space elements that were together before. e.g. the plate fell from the table and the food was scattered all over the floor.
3. proudly: feeling proud. someone is proud of something or someone when they are happy about being connected with it (for example your children).
4. heap: a disorganized accumulation of something e.g. garbage bags on the street when there is no container!
5. scraps: in this case, remains from food that has been eaten. also vegetable and fruit peels, etc.
6. neat: nice, clean, organized.
7. detached: a detached house is a house which is separated from others around it. If it shares a wall with another house it is called "semidetached" and if they are part of a row of houses they are called "terraced houses".
8. background: work experience (in this context)
9. poultry: this word refers to any farm birds (so, domestic birds which aren't pets)
10. craze: collective craziness or intense fashion.
11. coop: the house where the hen lives. 
12. scheme: a system or organization.
13. bid: to place your money because you think something will happen and you will benefit from it.
14. cut down: reduce.
15. rise: to go up. note: raise means to "make something go up". e.g. I raised the curtain with my hand. Compare: The sun rises every morning.
16. success (plural: successes). obtaining the result that you wanted. Note: Success can also work as uncountable.

The Duijsters family were egged on by a marketing campaign by the authorities, which also subsidises the cost of buying the hens. One hen only costs around €4 (£3.50), but comes with expectations.

"We expect owners to look after them properly and provide a lot of reading material for them to go through," said Annick De Paepe, an official with the Limburg regional authority.

1. to subsidise: to pay with public funds, partly or completely something that private citizens or companies need to pay for.
2. properly: in the right way. If something is proper it is correct and adequate. Like Mr. Proper!

"It's been a huge success and it's proving ever more popular". She believes the boom has been fuelled by the recession. "There is very much a mood of getting back to nature right now and people love picking up their own eggs from the garden. But it's also a great way to cut down on household waste as the chickens will eat any leftovers and cut organic waste by half."

1. ever more popular: more and more popular, people like it more and more.
2. to fuel: to give something energy or impulse. Fuel: gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil...
3. mood: if you are happy you are in a good mood, if you are sad or depressed you are in a bad mood. If you change from one mood to another you are a moody person.
4. to pick up: to get something that is lower than you. For example on the floor.
5. to cut down on something: to reduce (usually expenses) on some specific area.
6. leftovers: usually it applies to food that still remains after people have finished eating.

"So far, we haven't had any bad experiences, but of course, we can't be sure that people aren't just throwing them into the oven. Not everyone wants to take on a chicken for life."

Mr Duijsters, a civil servant, leads the twice-daily feeding round and says the hens have become part of the family. "They look so lovely and they do all have their own personalities. They get very impatient if they don't get fed on time and come pecking at the windows to complain.

"But it's nothing unusual around here. Everyone seems to own hens, it's the thing to do"

In the Flemish regions of Belgium, authorities typically apply a stringent approach to ensuring the well-being of the chickens.

1. to take on: to adopt something or someone (except if it's a new son or daughter then it is adopt.
2. to lead: to make someone go in a specific direction, physical or metaphorical.
3. to peck: the way birds eat on the ground.
4. stringent: something that limits
5. ensuring. To ensure: to make sure that something is in a specific way. In this example, they want to know for sure that the chickens are alive and happy!

"We have proper training courses in rearing and feeding the hens and we watch out for anyone who might not be suitable," said Christophe Deneve, who recently launched a chicken scheme in Mouscron.

The town, a stone's throw from the Belgian-French border, is distributing 50 pairs of chickens for free to families with sufficient space to keep the birds in their gardens.

But anyone who takes part has to agree not to eat the chickens for at least two years, or give them away.

1. suitable: appropriate, right for a person, thing or situation.
2. to launch: to start. literally to send something into the air or space.
3. a stone's throw from: talking about distances, a very short distance (as far as you can throw a stone). The same expression exists in Spanish.

I hope you enjoyed this story about a very clever way to recycle the food. Your opinions and ideas are welcome in the comments section!

THE HISTORY OF PARKS

This is the first of a series of posts dedicated to my students in an ongoing teaching project. I decided to start with this topic because one of my students is an expert in park design!

The text I will be using is taken from this website:

http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde_park/history.cfm

After each paragraph I will comment on some aspects and vocabulary that I think will be of interest to my students. Comments are in blue. Although occasionally I link to some online dictionaries like wordreference, most of the definitions are based on my own knowledge. You are more than welcome to correct, discuss, challenge and generally improve them.

For my students: after reading the text, select those words which are useful for you (probably not all of them) and create your own examples. You can share them as comments here on the blog so all of you can benefit from them.

History of parks

Throughout the United Kingdom we have inherited a legacy of first class public parks and landscapes. Today, every town has a park that they can be proud of and many of these are also historically important. 

1. Throughout: over the entire extension of a place. All over.
2. Legacy: what has been left for the future. Inheritance: what has been formally inherited, valid because of a document. (That document is the Last Will and Testament).
3. Landscape: the particular shape and layout of a place, like a park or a similar unbuilt area. To landscape: to create a specific shape or layout for an unbuilt area.

The Victorians invented and shaped the concept of public parks and in turn influenced the creation of parks in North America and Europe. Recognising the need for places to relax, unwind, and to exercise, the top landscape designers of the day, like Joseph Paxton and John Claudius Loudon, were commissioned to lay out these new parks. During the mid to late nineteenth century, public park and landscape design was a hot topic and dominated professional journals and sections of newspapers just like gardening and interior design pages in today’s consumer magazines. 

1. Public parks: Parks are no necessarily public. Actually a park used to be a massive (very big) version of a garden. For example in Madrid, places like La Granja and Aranjuez, where you have a palace, and around it, what would have been called a "park" or "gardens" (in plural).
2. Unwind: relax after some stressful or tiring activity.
3. To lay out: to design the general structure of something. The structure is called layout. 
4. Hot topic: something that people debate about very frequently and often showing strong opinions.

The promoters and champions of the first public parks also saw them as a means to boost the local economy and civic pride by making towns and cities attractive places to work and live. These parks were conceived as special places where all sections of society could enter free of charge and mix freely. 

Many of the Victorian public parks were philanthropic gifts to the people of the local community by wealthy industrialists and landowners whilst others were created by public subscription. The best and most innovative park designs have proven to be remarkably robust, and throughout their history have continually adapted to meet new needs and are still cherished today by the people who use them. 

1. Wealthy: rich
2. Industrialist: owner of some industry
3. Landowner: someone who owns land (with or without buildings).
4. whilst: while, at the same time.
5. public suscription: ordinary people donated money until it was enough to buy the land and create the park.
6. remarkably: if something is remarkable, people will remark (comment) on it. 
7. to cherish: to love and value very positively.

One of the earliest public parks is the wonderful Derby Arboretum, which was a gift to the people of Derby by the textile manufacturer, Joseph Strutt. Derby was growing fast in the 1830s and Strutt set about creating an open space for the community and commissioned John Claudius Loudon, who was already a designer of repute, to create the new park. Loudon sculpted the ground to create sinuous shapes which were planted with an extensive collection of trees and on the 17th of September 1840, when Derby Arboretum was opened to the public, the whole town took the afternoon off work, all eager to enter the park for the first time. 

1. Commisioned: give an important job to do.
2. Designer of repute: a designer who has a good reputation. Can you guess what a house of ill-repute is?
3. Ground: the natural layer of the earth that we walk on. In a building we speak about floor (artificial, man-made). Ground is connected to grind, which is a process which we use with cereals, coffee and (in US English) with meat. The texture of the ground explains the word. What is ground coffee then? 

Another of the earliest public parks, Joseph Paxton’s Birkenhead Park, was part of a residential development scheme to create an attractive setting for new homes and to recoup the costs through the property sales. Flanked on all sides by handsome houses and wide tree-lined boulevards, Birkenhead Park was the inspiration for New York’s Central Park. Other public open spaces were shaped from former private landscaped gardens and many of today’s country parks are developed from such historic estates. 

1. Residential development scheme: a scheme is a system or plan for something. As a verb it has a negative meaning, it means "to plan something negative, usually against someone". Talking about buildings, a development is a compound of buildings or individual houses over a big piece of land, instead of just one house or just one building. It includes also work on infrastructure. 
2. Setting; in this context, situation, surrounding area.
3. to recoup: to recover.
4. flanked: surrounded on the flanks (sides).
5. Estate: an estate is a piece of land usually with some buildings in it. A person's or a family's estate is all that they possess (land, buildings, furniture, jewels, animals...). That is why nowadays the expression real estate is used to refer to buildings and land.

Since the nineteenth century public parks have been created by every subsequent generation with different influences and designs. The new Mile End Park, a £25million Millennium Funded project, is very much in this tradition. This exciting project united existing green spaces in London’s East End to create a magnificent large-scale park. However, due to demands on urban space - especially for commercial and residential development - the opportunities to create big new parks on the scale of previous developments are few and the Victorian parks will always be exceptional for their size. 

1. Subsequent: one after another.
2. Exciting: extremely interesting (no sexual meaning)
3. London's east end: area of London traditionally known for poverty, high density, pollution and lack of open spaces like parks.

Throughout the history of our public parks, local authorities have played an important role and have strived to provide high quality parks services. But, in the last 30 years, many parks have become neglected and suffered a worrying loss of original features, such as bandstands, fountains and boating lakes. Rather than being seen as places of pride, they increasingly became eyesores as problems such as maintenance and funding led to a gradual decline. Throughout this period many historic parks became endangered as they were perceived as being old-fashioned and not relevant to today’s society. As a result, they became targets for redevelopment and unsympathetic re-design. 

1. to strive: to make an effort 
2. to provide: to give something (e.g. a service)
3. to neglect: not to take care of something when necessary (e.g. maintenance services)
4. features: characteristics or functions

• note: "e.g."= example given (="for example"); "i.e."= "id est" (latin for "that is", introduces an explanation or clarification for something).

Through initiatives such as Heritage Lottery Funding and listing on English Heritage’s register parks and gardens of historic interest, historic designs are increasingly being re-evaluated and appreciated. The Heritage Lottery Fund has helped many local authorities restore their historic parks. This restoration has been the catalyst for the original Victorian designs to be dusted off, re-considered and brought back to their former glory. The genius of these designs enables each park to continue to evolve and adapt and to include new features for today’s park users. 

1. funding: to provide funds, i.e. money.
2. listing: to list, to add to a list. very common when talking about property, like buildings or pieces of land. In this case it refers to the list of protected monuments and landmarks. In other contexts it refers to including a house in a list of houses for sale (do you ever watch "love it or list it?")
3. increasingly: more and more each time
4. to dust off: to take off the dust, for example from furniture or other places where it has accumulated.
5. to bring back: to make something or someone return. 
6. to enable: to provide someone or something with the ability or capacity to do something. (note: check provide in previous paragraph)

Campaigns such as Britain in Bloom which is run by the Royal Horticultural Society encourages the best practice in public amenity horticulture and supports local authorities in showcasing their parks and gardens, and the skills of their parks staff. The National Flowerbed Competition at the RHS Flower Show at Tatton Park also highlights the ways in which bedding schemes can inspire and delight park visitors. 

1. In bloom: flowers are in bloom when they are about to open, usually in spring.
2. to run: usually it refers to the activity which is much faster than walking. Another very common meaning is "to manage an activity, a business or an organization". The person who does it is a manager (not a runner!).
3. amenity: amenity horticulture means growing vegetables just as a hobby, not professionally.
4. to showcase: to show something, usually a product at a public place, like a trade fair (e.g. IFEMA).
5. to highlight: to make something more visible than the rest of elements. 
6. bedding: arrangement of plants, usually flowers, in an limited area known as bed. 
7. to delight: to make people (or animals) extremely happy. e.g. the children were delighted when they saw the birthday cake.

Public parks sought to create playgrounds for the masses and to provide clean fresh air to those who were living in increasingly built-up environments. Today, the need for parks has come full circle and the value of these places for sport, recreation, art, culture, ecology and biodiversity is as just as important now in the twenty-first century as it was in the nineteenth. When building new parks and green spaces, we should be aspiring to continue this design heritage by creating parks which will stand the test of time and be equally loved by future generations. 

1. to seek: (seek, sought, sought; irregular verb) if you seek something you are looking for something or have the intention of finding it or reaching a goal or objective. 
2. playground: in schools, the free space where children play. Also to be found in parks. In this text it is used as a metaphor for public spaces where everyone (the masses) can have a good time.
3. built up: to build up means to completely cover an area with buildings, without leaving space for open spaces such as parks.
4. (to come) full circle: when a situation evolves in a way that it finishes at the same point where it started.
5. to stand the test of time: this expression means that something has the same importance, value or good reputation a long time after it was built, created or invented. If something doesn't stand the test of time it becomes obsolete.

Jenifer White, English Heritage

Martin Duffy, GreenSpace